Our Blog
Urinary Obstruction in Cats
By Dr. Amy Plankenhorn
Smitty is a gorgeous big black kitty who was adopted almost three years ago. He has a great life hanging out in his 
apartment with his dog buddy and his mom. But one day his mom saw that Smitty wasn’t feeling well. He was withdrawn, depressed, and vomiting. She called Animal Hospital of North Asheville and got him right in to the hospital. When Smitty arrived, he was immediately examined by Dr. Amy Plankenhorn. His body temperature was low, he was dehydrated, and most importantly, his abdomen was very painful. It felt like his bladder was extremely enlarged, hard, and painful. An ultrasound examination of his bladder confirmed that it was very full, consistent with an obstruction in his urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the bladder), and that he did not have any stones in his bladder.
At Dr. Plankenhorn’s direction, our certified veterinary technicians immediately placed an intravenous catheter for IV fluids and began warming him using a Bair hugger warming blanket and micro-bags. He was given a narcotic to sedate him slightly and to treat pain, then put under emergency anesthesia. Blood tests were obtained and run in our in-house lab to assess his kidney values and his sodium, potassium, and chloride levels. Dr. Plankenhorn then carefully passed a small urinary catheter coated with a numbing lubricant gel into his urethra. The catheter did not pass easily, but with gentle flushing with saline solution and patience, she was able to relieve the blockage and get the catheter into the bladder. Once the catheter was in the bladder, urine could be removed easily.
There are several reasons that cats develop urinary obstruction. In cats under 10 years old, the most common cause is a urethral “plug,” which is typically a combination of crystals that have formed in the urine and mucous that the body makes as a response to the irritation. The crystals and the mucous join together to create a dam effect in the urethra. While female cats can develop crystals and bladder irritation, their urethra is usually wide enough to keep them from getting obstructed with plugs. Male cats have a very small urethra, so even a small amount of the crystals and mucous can start a blockage. The other cause of urinary obstruction in cats, especially those over 10 years old, is the presence of bladder stones. Very small stones can pass into the urethra and become lodged, causing blockage. Again, males are more susceptible to blockage, although male and female cats can develop stones. Stones in the bladder can be seen with ultrasound, but the tiny stones in the urethra may require detailed x-rays to find. Our digital radiography system allows us to see very fine detail, even when the picture is zoomed in.
If an animal is unable to urinate, there are many complications that can occur due to the buildup of urine in the bladder. The most obvious problem is pain which occurs in the bladder as the bladder wall becomes overly stretched and in the urethra from the blockage material and frequent straining. If an obstruction is present for 24 hours, toxins start to build up in the bloodstream. Potassium levels increase, causing potentially fatal heart rhythm abnormalities. Other waste products excreted by the kidneys also build up, causing vomiting and lethargy. If enough time elapses, the kidneys can even become damaged. The bladder muscles can become overly stretched, causing the bladder to lose tone and become unable to empty. And the urethra becomes swollen and inflamed, causing spasms and straining even after the obstruction is relieved.
The typical first signs of urinary obstruction in cats include frequent attempts to urinate, lengthy attempts to urinate, licking the 
genitals frequently, hiding, and abdominal discomfort. Obstructed cats will often spend a lot of time in the litter pan with nothing produced, or will even attempt to urinate in other locations besides their pan. This is the best time to intervene! The challenge is that cats can have cystitis (inflammation in the bladder) that looks very similar to urinary obstruction but is not as dangerous. If you are in doubt, we’d rather check the bladder and determine that your cat does not have a blockage rather than waiting until the problem is more severe and may become life threatening.
Unfortunately, Smitty didn’t show his mom the typical signs of obstruction. Cats have a natural instinct to hide signs of illness because if they were living in the wild, appearing ill would make them vulnerable to attack. As a result, Smitty was very sick when he arrived at the hospital. His kidney values and his potassium were elevated, although he didn’t have any heart abnormalities yet. Because he had been obstructed for enough time to make him sick, his urinary catheter was sewn into place and attached to a sterile tube and collection bag to allow his bladder to stay empty. He also received high doses of intravenous fluids to help remove the kidney toxins that had built up in his system. After a few days on IV fluids, his kidney tests were much better and his urine was no longer bloody. It was time to remove his urinary catheter to see if he could urinate on his own. Cats who have experienced a urinary obstruction are more prone to having another blockage, so we have to pay close attention to urine output in the days afterward and beyond. Smitty needed some medication to relieve urethral spasms, but was able to urinate normally within a few days.
There are many factors that lead to urethral plugs in cats, some of which are not completely understood. Many cats benefit from a special prescription diet designed to reduce the formation of crystals in the bladder. Increasing water consumption by feeding canned food and making sure there are plenty of water sources around the house is also beneficial. Stress also appears to be a major factor in causing bladder inflammation. Even a cat who has a very easy lifestyle can benefit from environmental enrichment and stress reducing measures. A great resource for more information on reducing stress in your cat’s life is the Indoor Cat Initiative: http://indoorpet.osu.edu/cats/
Smitty is at home and doing very well. His mom is watching his urination closely. He’s enjoying his canned food and the extra attention he’s getting!
Hot Spots - 'Tis the Season
By Dr. Dennis Golden
Sam is a beautiful 12 year old male Golden Retriever with the amazing personality that you would expect from the breed. He 
is “happy go lucky,” loyal, loves attention, and is particularly fond of shamelessly sneaking over and eating his feline roommate's cat food when nobody is watching! Unfortunately, as a Golden Retriever, he also has an increased susceptibility to a common skin condition of dogs commonly known as hot spots. Recently, Sam’s owners discovered a hot spot under his right ear that seemed to develop, literally, overnight.
“Hot spot” is the common name given to a frequent skin condition of dogs that routinely appears very abruptly, often in less than 24 hours, with almost no early warning signs. Hot spots are characterized by a moist, ulcerated superficial skin lesion that is often covered by matted hair that has become stuck to the underlying skin lesion. These lesions can occur in well groomed pets and are not necessarily a sign of neglect because the lesions occur very quickly. Frequently, the lesion will go unnoticed in the early stages until the moist area or matted hair that is covering it is identified or the infection produces an odor, and it is determined that there is a serious skin lesion below the hair covering. As the hot spot lesion progresses, the hair in the central areas of the lesion will fall out, exposing the raw, moist, irritated tissue associated with the disease. The lesions can be very painful and are often associated with intense itching.
Medically, hot spots are classified as a form of “acute moist (exudative) dermatitis.” This name implies that the lesions develop very quickly (acute), are characterized by production of a moist drainage in the early phase of the disease, and results from an inflammation of the superficial layers of the skin (dermatitis). While some lesions can remain relatively small, many are rapidly progressive and can expand to involve very large areas of the body. Since hot spots can be painful and very itchy, they are often made worse by licking, scratching or rubbing. The skin usually becomes infected due to the moisture and trauma on the surface of the skin. Despite the frequency of this disease, the exact cause for hot spots remains unknown. Factors that increase the incidence of hot spots include hot humid weather, underlying allergies (food allergy, flea allergy, and environmental allergies), parasites (fleas, ticks), excessive coat moisture (like swimming), ear infections, and unkempt hair coats. There is a definite increase of this problem in the spring and early summer months.
While any dog can develop hot spots, they occur more commonly in dogs less than 4 years of age and develop more frequently in certain breeds such as Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, Saint Bernards, and German Shepherds. Hot spots can occur in cats; however, the frequency is very rare.
Sam's owners first noticed that he had a moist matted area of hair under his ear that didn't smell very good, so they made an appointment for Sam to be seen by his primary veterinarian, Dr. Golden. In Sam's case, as in most cases, hot spots can be diagnosed based on the history of the lesion and the characteristic appearance. However, other disease processes can mimic the appearance of hot spots, and a hot spot can be associated with another disease that must also be addressed as part of their treatment and prevention, so any dog suspected of having a hot spot should be examined by a veterinarian. Examination is also important to help determine appropriate therapy, as differences exist in the extent of the treatment necessary based on the severity of the lesion and any potential underlying factors. Typically, the lesion should be clipped to allow access and air flow, and cleaned with antiseptic to reduce infection. Some hot spots are very large or very painful, so some dogs may require sedation in order for us to remove the hair and treat the lesion without causing pain or fear. Once the lesion is clipped, other treatments include topical therapy using an antibiotic/steroid/drying product, and systemic medications such as antibiotics, steroids, or medications to reduce pain or inflammation. Some dogs who are highly motivated to scratch or lick may even require an elizabethan collar for a short time to break the cycle of traumatizing the hot spot. The therapy is dictated by the severity of the lesion, and not every dog will require all the treatment options. For those with recurrent lesions, it is important to try to determine any underlying factors. Fortunately, most hot spots will respond quickly to treatment, but some can take 2-3 weeks to resolve fully.
There are some things that you can try to do to prevent and reduce the incidence of hot spots in your pet and to minimize the severity. Your veterinarian will develop a personalized flea and tick control plan for your dog, which will reduce two major sources of itching that can lead to hot spots. Be certain to dry dogs thoroughly after bathing or swimming. If you have a pet that is prone to ear infections, perform all recommended routine cleaning and treatments, as well as keeping any excess or matted hair trimmed from around the ears. For those pets susceptible to developing hot spots, routine daily examination of the skin and hair coat to detect a lesion in the early stages can lead to earlier treatment and help reduce the severity and recovery time needed for treatment. Because hot spots can progress quickly, if you find an area of moist matted fur, moist red or tender skin, or even a greenish bad-smelling area on the coat or skin, call Animal Hospital of North Asheville for an appointment.
Thanks to Dr. Golden's treatment and the excellent care provided by Sam’s owners, Sam's lesion is on the way to fully recovering. Sam appreciates that he is pain and itch free now, and enjoys the extra attention he gets during “hot spot patrol” checks of his skin by his family!
